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The Smith-Cooper International 9101 series bronze gate valve has a non-rising stem, and female National Pipe Taper (NPT) threads on both ends. It has a solid wedge gate, and its brass construction provides corrosion resistance, ductility at high temperatures, and low magnetic permeability. Brass can be connected to copper, brass, plastic, aluminum, and welded steel. The non-rising stem stays fixed in place when the gate is raised or lowered, making it suitable for low clearance or underground use. This gate valve is full port for reduced friction; its inner diameter is the same as the inner diameter of the pipe it connects to enable maximum operating efficiency. This valve has maximum pressure ratings of 300 pounds per square inch (gauge) (psig) for water, oil, and gas (WOG) and 150 psig for steam working pressure (SWP). This valve has female NPT threads on both ends for connecting to male pipes with tighter seals than straight threads. Mounted on top of the valve, a cast iron star handle activates the inside screw mechanism, which lifts and lowers the gate to start and stop the flow between the connected pipes. This valve meets Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) SP-80 for quality assurance. Gate valves control flow in a piping system by lifting a gate out of the path of steam, fluids, or gases. They are designed to block or permit flow, as the vibrations and force of flow repeatedly striking a partly lowered gate can damage the gate and seats. To accommodate different flows and pressure requirements, gates come in four types: solid wedge (appropriate for almost all liquid service), flexible wedge (appropriate for steam service), split wedge (appropriate for normal temperature, non-condensing gas and liquid service, including corrosive service), and parallel disc (appropriate for high and low pressure applications). Hand wheels or levers activate the screw mechanism in the valve’s bonnet, which comes in various designs, to open and close the gate. Union