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The Smith-Cooper International 10FW series iron gate valve with hand-wheel has a non-rising stem, and flanged connections on both ends. Its ductile iron construction provides compressive strength and resistance to wear. The stainless steel non-rising stem stays fixed in place when the gate is raised or lowered, making it suitable for low clearance or underground use. This valve has a maximum pressure rating of 250 pounds per square inch (gauge) (psig) for non-shock cold working pressure (CWP). It has flanged end connections for bolting to compatible-sized pipe flanges. Mounted on top of the valve, a manually operated hand wheel activates the inside screw mechanism, which lifts and lowers the gate to start and stop the flow between the connected pipes. This valve meets American Water Works Association (AWWA) C515 standards for quality assurance. Gate valves control flow in a piping system by lifting a gate out of the path of steam, fluids, or gases. They are designed to block or permit flow, as the vibrations and force of flow repeatedly striking a partly lowered gate can damage the gate and seats. To accommodate different flows and pressure requirements, gates come in four types: solid wedge (appropriate for almost all liquid service), flexible wedge (appropriate for steam service), split wedge (appropriate for normal temperature, non-condensing gas and liquid service, including corrosive service), and parallel disc (appropriate for high and low pressure applications). Hand wheels or levers activate the screw mechanism in the valve’s bonnet, which comes in various designs, to open and close the gate. Union bonnets are preferable for building service piping, threaded-in (or screw-in) bonnets work well for lighter-duty usage, and bolted body-bonnet connections are used primarily in iron multi-turn valves. Most gate valves have either a rising stem, which moves up and down with the gate, or a non-rising stem, which remains fixed in place. W