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Product Description The traditional personality paradigm, known as spiritual chivalry, arises out of observation of human nature and confirmation of the Quran and Sunnah. It is based on a three-fold division of the selfwhich is represented by a circle divided into nine equal points to show over, under or underdevelopment. This division is historically followed by the Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions and can rightfully be called monotheistic psychology. The Islamic tradition measures the effect of the self in ethics. Thus the author calls traditional psychology, psychoethics and asserts modern psychology cannot afford to ignore this paradigm of the self, its development and learning theory. About the Author Laleh Bakhtiar, Ph.D., a well-known author on Sufism, is the first person to unearth traditional psychology which had been buried in medieval philosophy. With this work she shows that traditional psychology is alive and vibrant and should be an alternative psychology to modern schools as the stress is upon morality and ethics. She is a nationally certified and licensed psychotherapist.